Throughout my career I've overseen development teams located all across the globe, but increasingly I've been managing teams where the individual members are located far from each other.  The company for which I currently work is a virtual office.  Those of us who are within driving distance of the main office work from our homes most of the time, and only occasionally drive into the office for important face-to-face meetings.  As for other members of of our development teams, they may be in different time zones, speak different native languages, and be part of different cultures. For one project I managed, I and several programmers were located in Los Angeles, the designer was located in the United Kingdom, the artists were located in Eastern Europe, and our client was based in China.

Projects developed by a geographically-disperse team can present huge management challenges.  Since project management is primarily about communication, here are some communications tools I’ve been using on some of my more recent projects.

Email

Email is certainly the most used communications medium for virtual teams.  It’s easy.  It’s convenient.  But it can also be misused.  Here are some tips I have for using email.

My company uses Gmail as its email tool.  Gmail provides each user with 2 gigs of storage space and has free IMPAP access for people who want to use more than one computer or device to check their email.  It has a good spam filtering and virus protection, and integrates with other Google apps such as Google Calendar, Google Talk and Google Drive.  You can pay to upgrade the free service to Google Apps for Business, which upgraded email storage, better contacts management, increased security, and mobile access.  This service also less you to use Gmail with your own  .com domain name, seamlessly to maintain the professional appearance provided by your own email address while enjoying all the benefits of Gmail.

However, Gmail does have drawbacks.  It can be difficult to find and respond to messages in the middle of a long message thread with the way the Gmail collapses messages.  Fortunately, you can use other email clients, such as Outlook, for viewing and managing emails from your Gmail account.

Instant Messaging 

While email is great for asynchronous messaging, it’s not so great for real-time communications or for lengthy discussions.  In a real-time world, many teams choose to use instant for daily communication.

The expected response time for responding via instant messaging is much shorter than it would be for an email.  This makes quick, spontaneous back and forth conversations easier via instant messaging, yet instant messaging still allows flexibility for an asynchronous conversation – just usually a much quicker one.  It is an effective way of working through a particularly thorny issue because it doesn’t carry the potential lag that emails often do.  Lying somewhere between an email and a phone call, an instant message conversation doesn’t have to interrupt someone in the middle of working on something else, but also carries a sense of urgency for a relatively fast response.

Instant messaging and also improve team cohesion (informal chatter – and jokes – that often bring co-virtual teams together) can help provide levity and stress relief, as well as build camaraderie.

There are many free instant messaging tools available – AOL Instant Messaging, Yahoo Messenger, Google Live Messenger.  These days I rely primarily on Skype because of its ability to handle voice and video chat (discussed below).

Another feature that I like about Skype is its ability to add team members to a discussion to create a group chat.  A group chat that is used on a daily basis can provide a virtual office.  Group chats can help make sure all members are on the same page: if things can’t be overheard, they can at least be “over read”.  Even those not originally engaged in the conversation (or away from their desks) can come back to review the chat logs as a way to get caught up on what has happened in their absence.   Team members that will even catch up in the evenings when they are on vacation, just to stay in the loop with the rest of the team.

Group chat can be overused or abused if too many topics are covered in one discussion thread.  Tasks being assigned to someone who is not currently reading the discussion can be overlooked.   To avoid this problem, I create different chat rooms for different projects, tasks or responsibilities, especially when a discussion starts to get unwieldy, and name the chat room appropriately so that members know the topic being discussed.

Discussion Boards

Instant messages are often not durable.  It is not guaranteed that the person at the other end will see it if they aren't at their computer, and if your team posts a lot of instant messages over the course of a day, it’s easy to lose track of an important conversation.  This can be a major problem when, for example, having a disagreement with a client for a milestone delivery but neither party can easily find what was discussed about that matter in a chat from several weeks ago.

For text-based communications where it is important to keep a record of the discussion, I used Basecamp.  Basecamp is often considered to be the best project management and collaboration platform out there. Its features are impressive: to-do lists, file sharing and storage, milestones, time tracking, project overviews and commenting.   However, it is their discussion board feature that I find to be its most valuable feature.

Whenever I have a new item to review or discuss with a client, I create a new discussion thread for that topic.  I then select which members of my team or the client’s team will receive email alerts when a new comment is posted on the thread.  Months later, I can go back and review the discussion if there is any disagreement about what was said by either party in relation to that topic.

Voice and Video Chat

Text-based communication also isn’t great for sending confusing or emotional messages.  Think of the times you've heard someone in an office indignantly say, "Well, I sent you email" when they didn’t get the reaction they were seeking.

Even when things are going smoothly, one shouldn’t use text as an excuse to avoid personal contact, which is essential for having individuals work together as a team.

Problems also arise when one misinterpret emotions in a text message.  If you have a problem with someone, you should speak with that person directly. Don't use email to avoid an uncomfortable situation or to cover up a mistake. When email discussion gets tense, move to a more personal touch point such as the telephone or voice chat.

Regular voice communication should be used even when things are going smoothly.  When teams are co-located, that is to say all sitting in the same room or part of the office, a lot of informal communication occurs.  Things are overheard in conversation that others might decide to chime in on, or side conversations might spark other questions or ideas.   Also, there is a chance to let off steam and overall build a sense of team through quick conversations about interests, jokes, tools, tips, etc. These types of informal communication also serve as an important way to create a sense of team, building collective trust and improving morale.

Of course, having face-to-face communication or even voice-to-voice communication is rather difficult in a virtual office working in far-flung locations.  I make it a point to schedule regular voice calls, scheduling them with geographic considerations in mind.  I make my calls to Europe in the morning (when it is near the end of the day), to East Coast team members during my midday, and team members in Asia in the evening (their morning).

As for tools to use, I favor Skype.   In addition to featuring text chat, Skype has become the standard for voice calls over the Internet. It’s free to use across a number of devices, including iPhones, Nokia, Windows, Mac and Linux.  All Skype PC-to-PC calls are free and there are options such as SkypeOut (calling normal telephone numbers) and SkypeIn (gives you a phone number for anywhere in the world).

It is powerful to be able to chat and, when necessary, call a team member.  During the phone call you can text a response that isn’t being understood due to sound clarity or language barriers.  Skype also allows you to send files during the course of a discussion.

To make Skype usage more productive, you may want make sure that team members are not distracted by messages from friends.  So, consider a policy where all team members have separate Skype accounts for work, and the rule to only use this account with work contacts. Also, if a text chat discussion starts going past a few sentences at a time, it’s usually faster to switch to a quick phone call and discuss thing the old fashioned way.

Screen Sharing

It is helpful to complement voice or video with real-time screens, particularly if you are brainstorming, talking about design (for example) or simply want to get on the same page faster.  Also, something someone is working on occasionally needs a second set of eyes.  For example, a developer may be stuck on a particular error in their local environment.  Because the code change have not yet been committed to the source control system, a quick and easy way for someone else to see it is to have them actually look at that developers screen.  This is easy when you can call someone over from the desk next to you; but when the team is distributed, it is not as easy.

Skype allows you to share your screen to one other user for free (to share with more than one user, you need to purchase Skype Premium).  However, a tool I prefer to use for having conference calls where screen sharing is important is GoToMeeting.  This simple desktop solution has been around for a while and “just works.”  It is written in Java and can run on many platforms. It takes a few minutes to learn the UI, but after that starting new meetings and inviting people is straightforward.

File Sharing and Collaboration

Teams have a constant need to share files, but sending them via email or instant messaging can be cumbersome or unreliable, especially if the file is large or there are many of them.  So a central repository for documents is another important tool when working with a distributed project team. 

A popular and easy cloud storage solution I’ve used for the past several years is DropBox.  With DropBox, you can share a DropBox folder with one or more of your team members by sending them an email invitation. To share files with those team members, you simply upload the files to your DropBox folder and the files become available to them on their own version of the folder.   You can also install the DropBox app to your mobile device so that you can download only needed files from DropBox whenever you need them.

Google Drive is another tool that can be used for sharing files, including documents for detailing systems and processes the team should follow. However, an even greater benefit of Google Drive is the ability to collaborate on documents (something you can’t do with DropBox). For example, a team can use a Google spreadsheet to work through task estimates, allowing all team members to view the living document as the discussion is being held and changes are made.  More than one person can contribute to the editing at the same time: one team member can be responsible for updating the estimate numbers while another makes sure related assumptions are added to the document.  This collaborative way of working can add agility to the project team.

Google Drive allows you to create documents and spreadsheets that are compatible with Microsoft Office (although it doesn’t have as many features).  Google Drive only takes a minute to get all of your team members editing the same document in real-time, and is free with a Gmail/Google account.

While it’s important to have places for working collaboratively on spreadsheets and formal documents, it’s also often beneficial to have a place to have informal collaborative notes.  Wikis provide a lightweight, easy-to-use place to share thoughts and ideas.

A wiki is browser-based tool that allows multiple team members the ability to collaboratively create a living document, and published content can be continually updated and edited. 

Wikis have many benefits.  Wikis are great for brainstorming activities where all can contribute at their own pace.  Wikis provide a low barrier for just adding thoughts and then coming back to build / re-organize those thoughts.  Setting up, creating, and editing content is easy even for someone with no programming skills. 

The ability to easily organize many pages into a hierarchy, add links and rich text all allow for a rich experience for collaborative building.  The quick, single search in Wikis also makes them ideal for knowledge-sharing; and the built-in revision history and ability to subscribe to updates help keep people informed of ideas being added by their teammates.

Most wikis do not have size restrictions, and you can embed documents, images, web links and videos into any page.  Because they are web-based, wikis can be accessed by team members anywhere at any time.

However, they also have disadvantages.  Depending on the package you use, it may be difficult to track changes or determine who contributed a particular piece of information to a wiki page.  Most wiki tools do not have as many formatting options as, say, Microsoft Word, and printing out a wiki may result in a hard copy that is long and unwieldy.   I avoid using wikis on projects for a client who wants a Game Design Document delivered to them.

While you can use Google Drive effectively as a company wiki where anyone in the company is able to add any information to the document, wiki tools are features of many project management tools such as Basecamp. 

Bug and Issue Tracking 

Anyone with experience in game development is familiar with bug-tracking software used to report bugs to team members and keep track of whether they have been fixed or not.  Such ticketing systems can also be used to break down development tasks and monitor progress on a progress.

An ability to automatically tie source control changes sets to particular tickets in your bug tracking system really helps provide a critical context for those changes.  This means that team members can specify the ticket number associated with a code change, which provides a way to automatically bring up the code changes from with the ticketing system.  The association helps to answer archaeological questions of why and when a change was made.  Team members looking at the ticket history can not only see the full chain of comments on the ticket, but also can pull up the code changes that addressed that ticket without having to manually cross-reference. 

For the past couple of years I’ve been using Jira, a customizable issue- and bug-tracking tool that includes reporting features, workflow mapping as well the ability to hook into source control repositories.  Whenever a ticket is assigned to a team member that team member is alerted by email.  And when that team member changes the status of a ticket, the person who originated the ticket is similarly alerted.  Team members can also ask questions and comment on individual tickets as a discussion thread.

Management-Level Task Tracking

While a tool like JIRA works great for team members who are technically minded, they can be off-putting to artists, business development and marketing types.  And a tool that someone doesn’t like using is not useful.

I was recently introduced to Trello, a simple and intuitive tool using a Kanban interface in which projects are presented as bulletin boards.  These boards are subdivided into lists (the default lists are “To Do”, “Doing” and “Done”), and individual tasks on each list are designated as “cards”.  Each card is assigned to one or more team members, and when the status of a card changes, it is simply moved to another list.  Each card can have a description, due date, checklist, attached files, and/or a discussion thread.  Trello has some nice features for teams including voting, email notifications and real-time collaboration.

Trello is especially well-suited for agile teams, allowing you to create sprint task lists and project backlogs.  Unlike traditional “waterfall” project management tools, Trello allows a team to work on an ever-changing, collaborative, virtual white-board that gives managers the maximum amount of flexibility.  The interface is robust and intuitive – anyone can pick it up quickly and organize their tasks in a smart way.  It is also extremely flexible.  You can break down tasks for a specific client, training new hires, working on business development or even planning your much-needed vacation.

Trello offers free versions for web and mobile devices, and a single, paid Business Class option.

Bottom Line

There are many tools out available for improving communications among a virtual team.  The trick is to determine the right tools for your project and your team, and to set up rules for using them effectively.  Do some research at the start of your project and come up with a Communication Plan for everyone to follow.