[The following originally appeared June 5th, 2010 on Dave Mark's "IA on AI" blog on Intrinsic Algorithm's site.]

Total War creator, The Creative Assembly, has announced the development of the latest in the line of acclaimed RTS games, Shogun 2. While the Total War franchise has a 10-year history and is fairly well-known for its AI,  this blurb from their web site has spread through the web like an overturned ink well:

Art of War

The problem I have here is that this seems to be more of a marketing gimmick than anything. After all, most of what Sun Tzu wrote should, in various forms, already be in game AI anyway.  To say Sun Tzu's ideas are unique to him and would never have been considered without his wisdom is similar to saying that no one thought that killing was a bad idea until Moses wandered down the hill with "Thou Shalt Not Kill" on a big ol' rock. No one stood around saying, "Gee... ya think?" Likewise, Sun Tzu's advice about "knowing your enemy" is hardly an earth-shattering revelation.

Certainly, there is plenty of game AI out there that could have benefited from a quick read of a summary of Art of War. Things like "staying in cover and waiting for the enemy to attack you" come to mind. Of course, in the game world, we call that "camping" (as an individual) or "turtling" (as a group). I can imagine a spirited argument as to whether a camping/turtling AI is necessarily What Our Players Want™, however. It certainly beats the old "Doom model" of "walk straight towards the enemy".

And what about the Sun Tzu concept of letting your two enemies beat the snot out of each other before you jump in? (I believe there are translations that yielded "dog shit" rather than "snot" but the meaning is still clear.) If you are in an RTS and one enemy just sits and waits for the other one whack you around a little bit, it's going to look broken. On the other hand, I admit to doing that in free-for-all Starcraft matches... because it is a brutal tactic!

The problem I have with their claim, however, is that there are many concepts in the Art of War that we already do use in game AI. By looking at Sun Tzu's chapter headings (or whatever he called them) we can see some of his general ideas:

For ease of reference, I pillage the following list from Wikipedia:

Going into more detail on each of them, we can find many analogues to existing AI practices:

It almost seems to easy to cite planning techniques here because "plans" is in the title. I'll go a step further then and point out that the practice of collecting information and assessing the relative merits of the selection, you can determine potential outcomes or select correct paths of action. This is a common technique in AI decision-making calculations. Even the lowly min/max procedure is, in essence simply comparing various potential paths through the state space.

This one speaks even more to the min/max approach. The phrase "limiting the cost of competition and conflict" expresses the inherent economic calculations that min/max is based on. That is, I need to get the most bang for my buck.

Any coordinating aspects to the AI forces falls under this category. For example, the hierarchical structure of units into squads and ultimately armies is part of that "unity" aspect. Very few RTS games send units into battle as soon as they are created. They also don't go off and do their own thing. If you have 100 units going to 100 places, you aren't going to have the strength of 100 units working as a collection.  This has been a staple of RTS games since their inception.

Even simply including cover points in a shooter game can be thought of as "defending existing positions". More importantly, individual or squad tactics that do leapfrogging, cover-to-cover, movement is something that has been addressed in various ways for a number of years. Not only in FPS games do we see this (e.g. F.E.A.R.), but even in some of the work that Chris Jurney did originally in Company of Heroes. Simply telling a squad to advance to a point didn't mean they would continue on mindless of their peril. Even while not under fire, they would do a general cover-to-cover movement. When engaged in combat, however, there was a very obvious and concerted effort to move up only when the opportunity presented itself.

This point can be worked in reverse as well. The enemies in Halo 3, as explained by Damián Isla in his various lectures on the subject, defend a point until they can no longer reasonably do so and then fall back to the next defensible point. This is a similar concept to the "advance" model above.

Suffice to say, whether it be advancing opportunistically or retreating prudently, this is something that game AI is already doing.

This one is a little more vague simply because of the brevity of the summary on Wikipedia. However, we are all well aware of how some games have diverged from the simple and stale "aggro" models that were the norm 10-15 years ago.

Identifying the disposition of the enemy screams of influence mapping—something that we have been using in RTS games for quite some time. Even some FPS and RPG titles have begun using it. Influence maps have been around for a long time and their construction and usage are well documented in books and papers. Not only do they use the disposition of forces as suggested above, but many of them have been constructed to incorporate environmental features as Mr. Tzu (Mr. Sun?) entreats us to do.

Again, this one is a bit vague. Not sure where to go there.

This is an issue that game AI has not dealt with well in the past. If you managed to disrupt a build order for an RTS opponent, for example, it might get confused. Also AI was not always terribly adaptive to changing circumstances. To put it in simple rock-paper-scissors terms, if you kept playing rock over and over, the AI wouldn't catch on and play paper exclusively. In fact, it might still occasionally play scissors despite the guaranteed loss to your rock.

Lately, however, game AI has been far more adaptive to situations. The use of planners, behavior trees, and robust rule-based systems, for example, has allowed for far more flexibility than the more brittle FSMs allowed for. It is much harder to paint an AI into a corner from which it doesn't know how to extricate itself. (Often, with the FSM architecture, the AI wouldn't even realize it was painted into a corner at all and continue on blissfully unaware.)

[editorial comment on the above bullet point: WTF?]I'm not sure to what the above refers, but there has been a long history of movement-based algorithms. Whether it be solo pathfinding, group movement, group formations, or local steering rules, this is an area that is constantly being polished.

For all intents and purposes, fire was the only "special attack" that they had in 600 BC. It was their BFG, I suppose. Extrapolated out, this is merely a way of describing when and how to go beyond the typical melee and missile attacks. While not perfect, actions like spell-casting decisions in an RPG are not terribly complicated to make. Also, by tagging environmental objects, we can allow the AI to reason about their uses. One excellent example is how the agents in F.E.A.R. would toss over a couch to create a cover point. That's using the environment to your advantage through a special (not typical) action.

The interesting point here is that, given that our AI already has the game world at its e-fingertips, we haven't had to accurately simulate the gathering of intelligence information. That has changed in recent years as the technology has allowed us to burn more resources on the problem. We now regularly simulate the AI piercing the Fog of War through scouts, etc. It is only a matter of time and tech before we get even more detailed in this area. Additionally, we will soon be able to model the AI's belief of what we, the player, know of its disposition. This allows for intentional misdirection and subterfuge on the part of the AI. Now that will be fun! 

Anyway, the point of all of this is that, while claiming to use Sun Tzu's "Art of War" makes for good "back of the box" reading, much of what he wrote of we as game AI programmers do already. Is there merit in reading his work to garner a new appreciation of how to think? Sure. Is it the miraculous godsend that it seems to be? Not likely.

In the mean time, marketing fluff aside, I look forward to seeing how it all plays out (so to speak) in the latest Total War installment. (Looks like I might get a peek at E3 next week anyway.)